The opening of the Suez Canal (also in 1869) meant that steam ships now enjoyed a much shorter route to China, so Cutty Sark spent only a few years on the tea trade before turning to the trade in wool from Australia, where she held the record time to Britain for ten years. Improvements in steam technology meant that gradually steamships also came to dominate the longer sailing route to Australia and the ship was sold to the Portuguese company Ferreira and Co. in 1895, and renamed Ferreira. She continued as a cargo ship until purchased by retired sea captain Wilfred Dowman in 1922, who used her as a training ship operating from Falmouth, Cornwall. After his death, Cutty Sark was transferred to the Thames Nautical Training College, Greenhithe in 1938 where she became an auxiliary cadet training ship alongside HMS Worcester. By 1954 she had ceased to be useful as a cadet ship and was transferred to permanent dry dock at Greenwich, London on public display.
Cutty Sark is one of three historic sea vessels in London on the Core Collection of the National Historic Ships Register (the nautical equivalent of a Grade 1 Listed Building) – the others are HMS Belfast and SS Robin. She is one of only three remaining original composite construction (wooden hull on an iron frame) clipper ships from the nineteenth century in part or whole, the others being the City of Adelaide, which arrived in Port Adelaide, South Australia on 3 February 2014 for preservation, and the beached skeleton of Ambassador of 1869 near Punta Arenas, Chile.
Cutty Sark in February 2012 with repairs almost complete
|
|
| Career (UK) |  |
|---|---|
| Name: | Cutty Sark (1869–1895) |
| Namesake: | Cutty-sark |
| Owner: | John "Jock" Willis (1869-1895) |
| Ordered: | 1 February 1869 |
| Builder: | Scott & Linton |
| Cost: | £16,500 |
| Laid down: | 1869 |
| Launched: | 22 November 1869 |
| Sponsored by: | Mrs. George Moodie |
| In service: | 16 February 1870 |
| Homeport: | London (1870–1895) Falmouth (1923–38) |
| Identification: | UK Official Number: 63557[1] |
| Motto: | "Where there's a Willis away" |
| Fate: | Sold |
| Career (Portugal) |   |
| Name: | Ferreira |
| Namesake: | Joaquim Antunes Ferreira |
| Owner: | Joaquim Antunes Ferreira & Co. (1895-1922) |
| Acquired: | 22 July 1895 |
| Homeport: | Lisbon, Portugal |
| Nickname: | Pequena Camisola ("Little shirt") |
| Fate: | Sold 1922 |
| Career (Portugal) | |
| Name: | Maria do Amparo |
| Owner: | Companhia Nacional de Navegação |
| Acquired: | 1922 |
| Homeport: | Lisbon, Portugal |
| Fate: | Sold 1922 |
| Career (UK) | |
| Name: | Cutty Sark |
| Owner: | Wilfred Dowman |
| Acquired: | 1922 |
| Homeport: | Falmouth, Cornwall |
| Fate: | Sold 1938 |
| Career (UK) | |
| Name: | Cutty Sark |
| Owner: | Thames Nautical Training College |
| Acquired: | 1938 |
| Homeport: | Greenhithe, Kent |
| Fate: | Sold 1953 |
| Career (UK) | |
| Name: | Cutty Sark |
| Owner: | Cutty Sark Preservation Society |
| Acquired: | 1953 |
| Out of service: | December 1954 |
| Status: | Museum ship |
| General characteristics | |
| Class & type: | Clipper |
| Tonnage: | 975 GRT[1] |
| Displacement: | 2,100 tons (2,133.7 tonnes) at 20 ft (6.1 m) draught |
| Length: | Hull: 212 ft 5 in (64.74 m) LOA: 280 ft (85.34 m) |
| Beam: | 36 ft (10.97 m) |
| Draught: | 21 ft (6.4 m) |
| Propulsion: | 32,000 sq ft sail (3000 hp) |
| Sail plan: | 1870: ship rig 1916: barquentine rig |
| Speed: | 17.15 kn (31.76 km/h) |
| Capacity: | 1,700 tons (1542 tonnes) |
| Complement: | 28–35 |
Construction
It is uncertain how the hull shape for Cutty Sark was chosen. Willis chose Hercules Linton to design and build the ship but Willis already possessed another ship, The Tweed, which he considered to have exceptional performance. The Tweed (originally Punjaub) was a frigate designed by Oliver Lang based on the lines of an old French frigate, built in Bombay for the East India Company as a combination sail/paddle steamer. She and a sister ship were purchased by Willis, who promptly sold the second ship plus engines from The Tweed for more than he paid for both. The Tweed was then lengthened and operated as a fast sailing vessel, but was considered too big for the tea runs. Willis also commissioned two all-iron clippers with designs based upon The Tweed, Hallowe'en and Blackadder. Linton was taken to view The Tweed in dry dock.
Willis considered that The Tweed's bow shape was responsible for its notable performance, and this form seems to have been adopted for Cutty Sark. Linton, however, felt that the stern was too barrel-shaped and so gave Cutty Sark a squarer stern with less tumblehome. The broader stern increased the buoyancy of the ship's stern, making it lift more in heavy seas so it was less likely that waves would break over the stern, and over the helmsman at the wheel. The square bilge was carried forward through the centre of the ship.[5][3] In the matter of masts Cutty Sark also followed the design of The Tweed, with similar good rake and with the foremast on both ships being placed further aft than was usual.[6]
A contract for Cutty Sark's construction was signed on 1 February 1869 with the firm of Scott & Linton, which had only been formed in May 1868. Their shipyard was at Dumbarton on the River Leven on a site previously occupied by shipbuilders William Denny & Brothers. The contract required the ship to be completed within six months at a contracted price of £17 per ton and maximum weight of 950 tons. This was a highly competitive price for an experimental, state-of-the-art vessel, and for a customer requiring the highest standards. Payment would be made in seven installments as the ship progressed, but with a penalty of £5 for every day the ship was late. The ship was to be built to Lloyd's A1 standard and her construction was supervised on behalf of Willis by Captain George Moodie, who would command her when completed. Construction delays occurred when the Lloyd's inspectors required additional strengthening in the ship.[7]
Work on the ship was suspended when Scott and Linton ran out of money to pay for further work. Rather than simply liquidate the company, an arrangement was made for Denny's to take over the contract and complete the ship, which was finally launched on 22 November 1869 by Captain Moodie's wife. The ship was moved to Denny's yard to have her masts fitted, and then on 20 December towed downriver to Greenock to have her running rigging installed. In the event, completing the ship meant the company's creditors were owed even more money than when work had first been halted.[8]
Broadly, the parts of the ship visible above the waterline were constructed from East India teak, while American rock elm was used for the ship's bottom. The keel (16.5 in × 15 in (42 cm × 38 cm)) had on either side a garboard strake (11 in × 12 in (28 cm × 30 cm)) and then 6 in (15 cm) planking decreasing to 4.75 in (12.1 cm) at 1/5 the depth of the hold. Teak planking began at approximately the level of the bilge stringer. All the external timbers were secured by Muntz metal (brass) bolts to the internal iron frame and the hull covered by Muntz sheeting up to the 18 ft (5.5 m) depth mark. The stem (15 in × 15 in (38 cm × 38 cm)) and sternpost (16.5 in × 15 in (42 cm × 38 cm)) were of teak while the rudder was of English oak. The keel was replaced in the 1920s with one constructed from 15 in (38 cm) pitch pine.[9] The deck was made of 3.5 in (8.9 cm) thick teak while the 'tween deck was 3 in (7.6 cm) yellow pine. Her length was 212 feet 5 inches (64.74 m) with a draft of 21 feet (6.40 m) and a deadweight of 921 tons.[10]
Performance
A speck on the horizon
One day we sighted a vessel, a mere speck on the horizon, astern of
us, and the way she came into view it was evident she was travelling
much faster than ourselves. 'Bringing the wind up with her' was remarked
on board, and that seemed the only feasible conclusion to arrive at and
account for the manner in which she overhauled us. In a few hours she
was alongside us, and proved to be the famous British clipper Cutty
Sark, one of the fastest ships afloat. She passed us going two feet to
our one, and in a short time was hull down ahead of us."
—Wool clipper crewman, 1879[11]
Etymology
The ship was named after Cutty-sark, the nickname of the witch Nannie Dee in Robert Burns' 1791 poem Tam o' Shanter. The ship's figurehead, the original carved by Robert Hellyer of Blackwall, is a stark white carving of a bare-breasted Nannie Dee with long black hair holding a grey horse's tail in her hand. In the poem she wore a linen sark (Scots: a short chemise or undergarment[14]), that she had been given as a child, which explains why it was cutty, or in other words far too short. The erotic sight of her dancing in such a short undergarment caused Tam to cry out "Weel done, Cutty-sark", which subsequently became a well known catchphrase. Originally, carvings by Hellyer of the other scantily clad witches followed behind the figurehead along the bow, but these were removed by Willis in deference to 'good taste'. Tam o' Shanter riding Meg was to be seen along the ship's quarter. The motto, Where there's a Willis away, was inscribed along the taffrail.[15] The Tweed, which acted as a model for much of the ship which followed her, had a figurehead depicting Tam o' Shanter.[16]History
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2012) |
Cutty Sark sailed in eight "tea seasons", from London to China and back.[17]
Competition from steamers
Cutty Sark's launch coincided with the opening of the Suez Canal to shipping. Her first trip encountered significant competition with steamships. The route from China to London through the Suez Canal was shorter by 3,300 nmi (6,100 km; 3,800 mi).[18] The route round Africa is in excess of 14,000 nmi (26,000 km; 16,000 mi) - typically a clipper might log significantly more than that by planning her route for favourable winds. Whilst it was possible for a sailing vessel to take a tug through the canal, this was difficult and expensive. Furthermore, sailing conditions in the northern Red Sea were unsuited to the design of a tea clipper.[19] So they still had to sail around Africa.Less obviously, steamship design had taken a quantum step forward in 1866 with Agamemnon, using higher boiler pressure and a compound engine, so obtaining a large improvement in fuel efficiency. Ships of this type could compete with clippers before the Suez Canal opened.[19]
When the tea clippers arrived in China in 1870, they found a big increase in the number of steamers, which were in high demand. The rate of freight to London that was given to steamers was nearly twice that paid to the sailing ships. Additionally, the insurance premium for a cargo of tea in a steamer was substantially less than for a sailing vessel. So successful were the steamers using the Suez Canal that, in 1871, 45 were built in Clyde shipyards alone for Far Eastern trade.[17]
The numbers of tea clippers sailing to China each year steadily reduced, with many ships being sold and moving to general cargo work. Costs were kept to a minimum and rigs were often reduced to barque so that a smaller crew was needed.
Thermopylae
Later tea seasons
Moore remained captain only for one round trip to China, taking 117 days for the return trip. This was 14 days longer than Thermopylae and 27 days longer than achieved by the iron ship Hallowe'en a few months later. Captain W. E. Tiptaft assumed command in 1873 achieving 118 days on his first return trip, but after the ship had to travel 600 miles[clarification needed] up the Yangtze River in search of a cargo. Steamships were now taking most of the tea. The following year the return journey took 122 days, but on the outward journey Cutty Sark set a record time of 73 days from London to Sydney. In November 1877 the ship was anchored off Deal in the English Channel along with sixty other vessels, waiting out a great storm. The anchor failed to hold and Cutty Sark was blown through the ships, damaging two others before grounding on a mud bank. Fortunately she was pulled clear by the tug Macgregor before too much damage was caused and she was towed to the Thames for repairs.In December 1877 the ship sailed from London to Sydney, where she took on coal for Shanghai, arriving there in April. However, the ship was unable to find any cargo of tea for a return trip to London—the days of the tea race were over. The master, Captain Tiptaft, died in October while still in Shanghai and was replaced by the first mate, James Wallace. The ship now had to take different cargoes around the world, including coal, jute, castor oil and tea to Australia.
In 1880 an incident occurred on board during which the First Mate Sidney Smith killed seaman John Francis. Smith was allowed to leave the ship at Anjer by Captain Wallace, causing the crew to cease work in protest. Wallace continued the voyage with six apprentices and four tradesmen but became becalmed in the Java Sea for three days. In desperation as matters moved from bad to worse, he committed suicide by jumping overboard and disappeared. He was replaced as Master by William Bruce, who proved to be a drunken incompetent who claimed pay for non-existent crewmen and managed to set sail with inadequate provisions, resulting in the crew starving. An inquiry in New York in April 1882 resulted in the captain and mate being suspended and replaced by Captain Moore, previously of Blackadder.
The wool trade
In 1922 Ferreira was the last clipper operating anywhere in the world. Caught in a storm in the English Channel she put into Falmouth harbour where she was spotted by retired windjammer captain Wilfred Dowman, of Trevissome House, Flushing, Cornwall, who was then operating the training ship Lady of Avenel. The ship returned to Lisbon, where she was sold to new owners and renamed Maria do Amparo. However, Dowman persevered in his determination to buy the ship, which he did for £3,750 and she was returned to Falmouth harbour. The rigging was restored to an approximation of the original arrangement and the ship was used as a cadet training ship. As a historic survivor, the ship was opened to the public and visitors would be rowed out to inspect her. Dowman died in 1936 and the ship was sold to the Incorporated Thames Nautical Training College, HMS Worcester at Greenhithe, leaving Falmouth for her last journey under sail in 1938. The ship was crewed by cadets, 15-year-old Robert Wyld steering the ship during the voyage.[23] Ian Bryce, DSC, the last surviving crew member on the historic journey from Falmouth to the Thames died, aged 89, on 11 December 2011.[24]
In 1954 she was moved to a custom-built dry-dock at Greenwich.[26] She was stripped of upper masts, yards, deck-houses and ballast to lighten her before being towed from East India Import Dock to the special dry dock at Greenwich. The skipper on this occasion was 83-year-old Captain C.E. Irving, who had sailed the world three times in her before he was 17. The river pilot was Ernest Coe. Thereafter the entrance tunnel to the dry dock was filled in, the river wall rebuilt and the work of re-rigging began. The foundation stone of the dry dock was laid by The Duke of Edinburgh, patron of the Cutty Sark Preservation Society, in June 1953. The restoration, re-rigging and preparation for public exhibition was estimated to cost £250,000.[27]
Museum ship
The ship is in the care of the Cutty Sark Trust, whose president, the Duke of Edinburgh, was instrumental in ensuring her preservation, when he set up the Cutty Sark Society in 1951. The Trust replaced the Society in 2000.[26][28] She is a Grade I listed monument and is on the Buildings At Risk Register. The gallery beneath the ship holds the world's largest collection of ships' figureheads, donated to the Society by Sydney Cumbers in 1953.[29]
Cutty Sark station on the Docklands Light Railway is one minute's walk away, with connections to central London and the London Underground. Greenwich Pier is next to the ship, and is served by scheduled river boats from piers in central London. A tourist information office stands to the east of the ship.
Conservation and fire
In an interview the next day, Richard Doughty, the chief executive of the Cutty Sark Trust, revealed that at least half of the "fabric" (timbers, etc.) of the ship had not been on site as it had been removed during the preservation work. Doughty stated that the trust was most worried about the state of iron framework to which the fabric was attached.[30] He did not know how much more the ship would cost to restore, but estimated it at an additional £5–10 million, bringing the total cost of the ship's restoration to £30–35 million.[31]
After initial analysis of the CCTV footage of the area suggested the possibility of arson, further investigation over the following days by the Metropolitan Police failed to find conclusive proof that the fire was set deliberately.[32]
Damage
As part of the restoration work planned before the fire, it was proposed that the ship be raised three metres, to allow the construction of a state of the art museum space beneath. This would allow visitors to view her from below.[33]
There was criticism of the policies of the Cutty Sark Trust and its stance that the most important thing was to preserve as much as possible of the original fabric. Proponents of making her fit to go to sea advocated that the fire repairs be done in such a manner to enable her to do so.[34] However, the state of the timbers, especially the keel,[35] and the fact that a hole had been cut through the hull in the 1950s for an access door, made this difficult. Also, the Cutty Sark Trust claimed that under five percent of the original fabric was lost in the fire, as the decks which were destroyed were additions not present at the original building. The restoration work was criticised by The Victorian Society saying that the needs of the corporate hospitality market were put ahead of the preservation of the historic fabric of the ship.[36] Building Design magazine awarded the project its Carbuncle Cup for the worst new building completed in 2012 saying 'The scheme's myriad failings stem from one calamitous choice: the decision to hoick the 154-year-old clipper close to three metres into the air on canted steel props.'[37]
Fund-raising
In addition to explaining how and why the ship is being saved, the exhibition features a new film presentation, a re-creation of the master's saloon, and interactive exhibits about the project.
A new steelwork lower deck of contemporary design incorporating an amphitheatre feature was installed in the main hold while a glass encased lift installed within the ship terminates in a new steel and glass housing structure on the weather deck. A second new steel and glass box has been installed above the fore hold to enclose a new staircase. Access to the ship is through a new opening cut through the hull below the waterline in the ship's starboard quarter. The new access hole has required the addition of new steel framing. Visitors arriving on board the ship now do so via this entrance, which leads to the lower hold. Maldwin Drummond, Chairman of the Cutty Sark Trust, has explained in Classic Boat magazine's September 2010 issue the need to retain the spirit of the ship and he quotes the ideal that "The visitor should see the ship as though for some unexplained reason the crew had gone ashore". Doubts over the wisdom of Grimshaw's proposals have been raised by many ship conservationists including the Cutty Sark Trust's own engineer Peter Mason.[38]
Oscar-winning film producer Jerry Bruckheimer aided in the repair and restoration of Cutty Sark. A collection of photos taken by Bruckheimer went on display in London in November 2007 to help raise money for the Cutty Sark Conservation Project. The exhibition featured more than thirty pictures taken on set during the filming of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.[40]
In January 2008, the Heritage Lottery Fund awarded the Cutty Sark Trust another £10 million towards the restoration of the ship, meaning that the Trust had now achieved £30 million of the £35 million needed for the completion of the project.[citation needed]
In June 2008, Israeli shipping magnate Sammy Ofer donated the outstanding £3.3 million needed to fully restore the ship[41] although by January 2009 the Evening Standard reported that the cost had risen further to £40 million creating a new shortfall.[42] In February 2010 The Daily Telegraph reported the project cost had risen to £46 million with public money now being made available by London Borough of Greenwich to fill the funding gap.[43]
Investigation conclusion
On 30 September 2008, the London Fire Brigade announced the conclusion of the investigation into the fire at a press conference at New Scotland Yard. The painstaking investigation was conducted by the Fire Brigade, along with London's Metropolitan Police Service, Forensic Science Services, and electrical examination experts Dr. Burgoyne's & Partners. They said that the most likely cause was the failure of an industrial vacuum cleaner that may have been left switched on over the weekend before the fire started. The report revealed no evidence the ship was subjected to arson attack and concluded the fire started accidentally.[44]Physical evidence and CCTV footage of the fire showed that it probably started towards the stern of the ship on the lower deck. All electrical equipment on board was examined and it was determined that an industrial vacuum cleaner in this area was normally running continuously to suck up dust and particles from work going on to break up concrete within the ship. No one working on the ship had responsibility to ensure all equipment was turned off at the end of each day, and no one recalled switching off the equipment on the Friday in question. The vacuum cleaner has three motors inside and after the fire one was found to be burned out in a manner which suggested it had failed while operating. This was not conclusive evidence, however, because the motor might previously have failed in service without causing a fire, and gone unnoticed because the other two motors had continued to function. Tests on similar cleaners showed they had no thermal cutout devices and while they could run safely indefinitely if filters inside were clear, if the air flow through the cleaner was blocked then it would eventually overheat and could catch fire. This might occur if the cleaner was full of dust and debris. The cleaner had failed previously and two motors had been replaced.
The ship was patrolled by two security guards, both of whom were supposed to patrol independently at least once an hour, or once every two hours later in the night, one being primarily responsible for the visitor pavilion and one the dock. The guards were required to keep a log of their patrols, but after the fire the relevant page was found to be missing from the book. It was later found, already filled in reporting uneventful patrols of the site up to 7 am in the morning when the guards would have gone off duty. The alarm was raised when one of the guards called the fire brigade; before this the two reported that they had smelled burning plastic and had been investigating to try to determine its source.
A carpenter had visited the site on Sunday to collect some tools, but after 20 minutes attempting to contact a security guard to let him in, had climbed the fence, collected his tools and climbed out again. The carpenter reported that he had heard machinery operating towards the stern of the ship, but it was not clear whether this might have been the site diesel generator which ran at all times.
The ship was fitted with a temporary fire alarm system but it was unclear whether this had operated. A separate alarm within the pavilion did sound when smoke and heat reached that area, but the guards reported no ringing alarm before the fire was seen. Investigation afterwards discovered a faulty relay in the alarm panel which failed to switch power to the siren circuits when an alarm was triggered. However, the panel also contained a failed fuse in one siren circuit which suggested that the siren had activated but the fire shorted it out, and this might have also caused the relay to fail. The failed relay would have shut off power to the second siren circuit. Statements from workers suggested that weekly tests of the alarm system had not been carried out.
Mast specifications
The original mast specifications as laid down by the ships designer still exist and are listed below as "tea rig". This arrangement was used during the ship's time on the tea trade route, where it was necessary to maximise the area of sail to get the greatest possible propulsion when the ship might be becalmed in the doldrums. For the route to Australia it was not necessary to carry such a large area of sail and the masts and yards were reduced. The trade winds required great strength in masts, but the wind could best be captured by relatively small, high sails. A smaller rig also represented a saving in maintenance costs. Each of the three masts (fore, main and mizzen) is in three overlapping sections.
| Tea rig[45] | Sydney[46] | |
|---|---|---|
| Foretop | 18.8 | 16.5 |
| Topgallant | 29.8 | 24.3 |
| Royal | 39.6 | 35.4 |
| Maintop | 19.8 | 16.9 |
| Topgallant | 31.9 | 22.8 |
| Royal | 36.3 | |
| Skysail | 44.5 | |
| Mizzentop | 17.0 | 14.8 |
| Topgallant | 25.7 | 22.8 |
| Royal | 33.2 | 31.7 |
| Tea rig | Sydney | |
|---|---|---|
| Fore course | 23.8 | 21.0 |
| Lowertopsail | 20.7 | 16.8 |
| Uppertopsail | 19.5 | 14.6 |
| Topgallant | 14.6 | 11.5 |
| Royal | 11.6 | 9.4 |
| Main course | 23.8 | 21.6 |
| Lowertopsail | 20.7 | 18.5 |
| Uppertopsail | 19.5 | 16.8 |
| Topgallant | 14.6 | 14.2 |
| Royal | 11.6 | 10.4 |
| Skysail | 10.4 | |
| Mizzen course | 18.3 | 17.4 |
| Lowertopsail | 16.5 | 14.9 |
| Uppertopsail | 14.6 | 13.4 |
| Topgallant | 11.9 | 11.0 |
| Royal | 10.1 | 8.2 |
| Spanker | 15.8 | 14.1 |
See also
- William Pile
- Cutty Sark (short story)
- Falls of Clyde (ship)
- List of clipper ships
- List of large sailing vessels
- List of tall ships
- Star of India
References
- "Lloyd's Register, Navires a Voiles" (pdf). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
- "Cutty Sark: Queen reopens Greenwich tea clipper". BBC News. 25 April 2012.
- Lubbock, pp. 20–21[clarification needed]
- Dear, I.C.B; Kemp, Peter, eds. (2005). Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860616-1.
- Villiers p. 17–19
- Lubbock, China Clippers, p. 291
- Brettle
- Mitchell, W H; Sawyer, L A (1995). The Empire Ships. London: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 49. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.
- Platt, Alan; Waite, Simon T.; Sexton, Robert T. (February 2009). "The Cutty Sark Second Keel and History as the Ferreira". The Mariner's Mirror (United Kingdom: The Society for Nautical Research) 95 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1080/00253359.2009.10657081. (subscription required (help)).
- "Jock Willis' Specification for the Cutty Sark". John Sankey.)
- Lubbock, China Clippers, pp. 295–296, account of a fast wool clipper crewman
- Lubbock, Cutty Sark, p. 9
- Lubbock, China Clippers, pp. 155–157
- "Cutty, Cuttie". Dictionary of the Scots Language. at 4. Retrieved 21 May 2007. "(8) cutty(-ie) sark, a short chemise or undergarment"
- Lubbock, pp. 32–34[clarification needed]
- Lubbock, Blackwall Frigates, p. 229
- MacGregor, David R. (1983). The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0 85177 256 0.
- "Title unknown". Suex Canal Authority.[not in citation given]
- Jarvis, Adrian (1993). "Chapter 9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Basil. The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-85177-563-2.
- Lubbock, p. 9[clarification needed], correspondence with an unnamed master mariner
- Platt, Alan; Waite, Simon T.; Sexton, Robert T. (February 2009). "The Cutty Sark's Second Keel and History as the Ferreira". The Mariner's Mirror (Portsmouth, United Kingdom: The Society for Nautical Research) 95 (1): 13.
- "Cutty Sark". BYM News & Magazine. 24 January 2005. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
- Wyld, Robert (28 May 2007). "Cutty Sark must Sail Again" (pdf). The Daily Mirror – via Hands on Illustrations.
- "Ian Bryce". Obituaries. The Daily Telegraph. 19 January 2012.
- Thurlow, Colin. "The Cutty Sark". HMS Worcester & Merchant Navy. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- BBC Radio 4 News, 6pm, 22 May 2007
- Male, David. "Greenwich-Day-by-Day-December". Greenwich Guide. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- Camber, Rebecca (23 May 2007). "The £13 doubt over Cutty Sark Sprinklers". The Daily Mail.
- "Figureheads". Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- "Blaze ravages historic Cutty Sark". BBC News. 21 May 2007.
- Iggulden, Amy; Beckford, Martin (22 May 2007). "Police launch Cutty Sark arson investigation". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26.
- "Cutty Sark fire remains a mystery". BBC News. 23 May 2007.
- "The Future". Cutty Sark. Archived from the original on 2009-07-24.
- "BYM News May Cutty Sark". BYM News & Magazine. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- Davies, Wyn. "The Cutty Sark, The Trials and Tribulations of a Restoration Project". Historic Naval Ships Association.
- "Cutty Sark refit 'damaging', says The Victorian Society". BBC News. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- "Carbuncle Cup winner 2012: Ship in a throttle". Building Design. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
- Gilligan, Andrew (6 February 2010). "Cutty Sark restoration turning into a fiasco". The Daily Telegraph.
- "Press & Publicity > 23 Sept 06 Heritage Lottery Fund backs Cutty Sark scheme with an £11.75m grant". Cutty Sark. Archived from the original on 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- "Press & Publicity > 23 Nov 07 Cutty Sark's Hollywood photo exhibition". Cutty Sark. Archived from the original on 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
- Sears, Neil (24 June 2008). "Shipping billionaire makes £3.3m donation to restore fire-damaged Cutty Sark". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 2010-04-16.
- Mendick, Robert (9 January 2009). "Cost of Saving Cutty Sark soars to £40m as rust eats into hull". Evening Standard.
- Blake, Heidi (5 February 2010). "Cutty Sark to be restored in time for London 2012 Olympics after devastating blaze". The Daily Telegraph.
- London Fire Brigade; Metropolitan Police Service (29 September 2008). "Report on the investigation into the fire on board the clipper ship Cutty Sark, King William Walk, Greenwich, London SE10 on Monday 21st May 2007" (pdf). Retrieved 2010-04-16.
- Lubbock, Basil. "Appendix III". The Log of the Cutty Sark.
- Sankey, J. "The Ship Cutty Sark". John Sankey.
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